Influenza

Introduction:

A viral infection affecting the respiratory tract that spreads through droplets. The
virus can be inhaled or picked up from surfaces through direct contact. Infection
can settle into either the upper or lower respiratory tract. The virus causes damage
to the upper layers of cells. The natural defenses of the respiratory tract are com-
promised and it is easier for bacteria to attach to the underlying respiratory tissues.

PROGNOSIS
Influenza symptoms typically run their course within about a week. Current med-
ications help to decrease the length and severity of symptoms associated with
influenza. Some patients will develop secondary infections, such as sinusitis or
viral or bacterial pneumonia following influenza. Patients with pneumonia have an
increased risk of mortality from influenza.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

• Symptoms have an abrupt onset
• Nonproductive cough
• Chills and sweats
• Fatigue and malaise
• Fever over 101°F
• Headache
• Muscle aches (myalgia)
• Watery, nasal discharge
• Sore throat

TREATMENT
Symptomatic treatment to increase patient comfort and medications to shorten
the duration and intensity of symptoms are the focus of patient management.
Medications need to be started early in the symptoms.
• Administer antipyretics for comfort:
• acetaminophen
• Administer antiviral medications:
• zanamivir, oseltamivir
• amantadine, rimantadine

NURSING DIAGNOSES
• Risk for injury
• Impaired gas exchange
• Hyperthermia

NURSING INTERVENTION
• Administer fluids and electrolytes to replace what is being lost due to sweat-
ing and insensible loss from elevated temperature.
• Monitor vital signs.